A. Active and
Passive Sentences
v ACTIVE
In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the
subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most
sentences are active.
A feature of sentences in which the subject performs the
action of the verb and the direct object is the goal or the recipient
[Thing doing action] + [verb] +
[thing receiving action]
v PASSIVE
In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the
subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included
near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that
the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You
can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if
you do not want to mention who is doing the action.
A feature of sentences in which the object or goal of the action
functions as the sentence subject and the main verb phrase includes the
verb to be and the past participle: The car was fixed by the
mechanic.
[Thing receiving action] +
[be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action.
NO.
|
TENSES
|
ACTIVE
|
PASSIVE
|
I
|
Present
Tense
|
S
+ V1 (S/ES) + O + Adv
|
S
+ is/am/are + V3
|
1.
|
Simple Present
|
Nanik buys the book
|
The book is bought by Nanik
|
2.
|
Present Continous
|
Nanik is buying the book
|
The book is being bought by Nanik
|
3.
|
Present Perfect
|
Nanik has bought book
|
The book has been bought by Nanik
|
4.
|
Present Perfect Continous
|
Nanik has been buying the book
|
The book has been being bought by Nanik
|
II.
|
Past
Tense
|
S
+ V2 + O + +Adv
|
S
+ was/were + V3
|
1.
|
Simple Past
|
Nanik bought the book
|
The book was bought by Nanik
|
2.
|
Past Continous
|
Nanik was buying the book
|
The book was being bought by Nanik
|
3.
|
Past Perfect
|
Nanik had bought book
|
The book had been bought by Nanik
|
4.
|
Past Perfect Continous
|
Nanik had been buying the book
|
The book had been being bought by Nanik
|
III
|
Future
Tense
|
S
+ Will/Shall + V1 + O + Adv
|
S
+ will + be + V3 + Adv
|
1.
|
Simple Future
|
Nanik will buy the book
|
The book will be bought by Nanik
|
2.
|
Future Continous
|
Nanik will be buying the book
|
The book will be being bought by Nanik
|
3.
|
Future Perfect
|
Nanik will have bought book
|
The book will have been bought by Nanik
|
4.
|
Future Perfect Continous
|
Nanik will have been buying the book
|
The book will have been being bought by
Nanik
|
IV
|
Past
Future Tense
|
S
+ Would/Should + V1 + O + Adv
|
S +
Would/Should + be + V3 + O + Adv
|
1.
|
Simple Past Future
|
Nanik would buy the book
|
The book would be bought by Nanik
|
2.
|
Past Future Continous
|
Nanik would be buying the book
|
The book would be being bought by Nanik
|
3.
|
Past Future Perfect
|
Nanik would have bought book
|
The book would have been bought by Nanik
|
4.
|
Past Future Perfect Continous
|
Nanik would have been buying the book
|
The book would have been being bought by
Nanik
|
EXAMPLE
1. Tina
is reading the book (Active)
The book is being read
by Tina (Passive)
2. We
celebrate school annyversary every year (Active)
The school annyversary
is celebrated every year (Passive)
3. Forest
burning has produced a lot of pollution (Active)
A lot of pollution has
been produced by forest burning (Passive)
4. The
students will play basketball (Active)
The basketball will be
played by the students (Passive)
5. The
school provided rubbish bin two months ago (Active)
The rubbish bin was
provided by the school two months ago (Passive)
B. Relative
Clauses
Definition
A relative clause is a kind of
subordinate clause that contains an
element whose interpretation is provided by an
antecedent on which the subordinate
clause is grammatically
dependent; that is, there is an
anaphoric relation between the
relativized element in the relative clause, and the antecedent on which it
depends.
Typically, a relative clause modifies a
noun or
noun phrase and
uses some grammatical device to indicate that one of the arguments within the
relative clause has the same referent as that noun or noun phrase.
v
A
relative clause—also called an adjective oradjectival clause—will
meet three requirements :
·
Finally, it will function as an
adjective, answering the
questions What kind?How many? or Which one?
v
Adjective Clause can be classified into two
types, that is :
1.
Relative Pronoun (Kata Ganti Orang)
Conjunctive use is : Who, Whom, Whose,
That
a) Who
Used for humans
in subject position
Examples :
·
Hans, who is an architect, lives in
Berlin
·
He paid the money to the man who / that
had done the work
b) Whom
Used for humans
in object position
Examples :
·
Marike, whom Hans knows well, is an
interior decorator.
·
He paid the man whom/that he had hired.
·
He paid the man from whom he had borrowed
the money.
c) Whose
Used for
humans, animalsi or objects to give information about their
Examples :
·
The girl whose dress is red is my best
friend.
·
This is the girl whose picture you saw.
2.
Relative Pronoun (Kata Ganti Benda, Binatang)
Conjunction is : Which, that
a) That
Used for
humans, animals and things, in subject or object position (Subjek) but see
below:
Examples :
·
Marike is decorating a house that Hans
designed.
·
Here is a book that describes
animals.
b) Which
Used for things
and animals in subject or object position
Examples :
·
Marike has a dog which follows
her everywhere.
·
The chair which he broke is
being repaired.
·
She was wearing the coat for which she
had paid $2,00.
v
The
relative clause will follow one of these two patterns:
Relative Pronoun or Adverb+ Subject + Verb
Relative Pronoun as Subject+ Verb
Here are some examples :
1.
Which Francine did not accept
Which = relative pronoun;Francine =
subject; did accept = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of
the verb].
2.
Where George foundAmazing Spider-Man #96 in
fair condition
Where = relative adverb; George=
subject; found = verb.
3.
That dangled from the one clean bathroom towel
That = relative pronoun functioning
as subject; dangled = verb.
4.
Who played video games until his eyes were
blurry with fatigue
Who = relative pronoun functioning as
subject; played = verb.
C. Conditional
Sentences
Definition
Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses
or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause
(without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause
with if) is fulfilled.
There are three types of Conditional Sentences
1.
Conditional Sentence Type 1 (It is possible and
also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.)
Conditional Sentences
Type I refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen if a
certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for sure whether the
condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather
realistic – so we think it is likely to happen.
Form :
Example:
·
If I find her address, I’ll send her an
invitation.
·
If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
·
If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone
him in the evening.
·
If John has the money, he will buy a Ferrari.
·
If my car is sold, I will give you money.
2.
Conditional Sentence Type 2 (It is possible but very
unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.)
Conditional Sentences
Type II refer to situations in the present. An action could happen if the
present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation to
change, however. I just imagine „what would happen if …“
Form :
Example :
·
If I found her address, I would send her an
invitation.
·
If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.
·
If I were you, I would not do this.
·
If John had the money, he would buy a Ferrari
·
If I had enough money, I would go to Japan.
3.
Conditional Sentence Type 3 (It is impossible that
the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.)
Conditional Sentences
Type III refer to situations in the past. An action could have happened in the
past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then,
however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled.
Form :
Example :
·
If I had found her address, I would have sent
her an invitation.
·
If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my
exams.
·
If John had had the money, he would have bought
a Ferrari.
·
If I had knew that your name is Salimah, I would
not have gone to your wedding party
·
If I had had enough money, I would have gone to
Japan.
Sumber :