A. Simple
Present Tense
Definition
The simple present or present simple is one of the
verb forms associated with the present
tense in modern English. It is commonly referred to as a tense,
although it also encodes certain information about aspect in addition to present time.
It is called "simple" because its basic form consists of a
single word (like write or writes), in contrast with other
present tense forms such as the present progressive (is writing) and present
perfect (has written). For nearly all English verbs the simple present
is identical to the base form (dictionary
form) of the verb, except when the subject is third-person singular, in which case the ending-(e)s is
added. There are a few verbs with irregular forms, the most notable being
the copula be,
which has the simple present forms am, is and are.
The Function
1.
Present Simple is used to talk about activities
that happen repeatedly and things that we do regularly, such as habits and
routines. Adverbs of frequency are
often used with the Present Simple.
·
I play golf every Monday.
·
They often travel to China.
·
She gets up at 8:00 every day.
·
I don’t walk to school.
·
She doesn’t love him.
·
Do you smoke?
·
How often do you study?
2.
Secondly, we use the Present Simple to talk
about factual information, such as general truths, scientific facts, or
definitions.
·
My teacher always arrives early.
·
Water boils at 100 celsius.
·
Doctors study for many years.
·
The sky isn’t green.
·
The
word smart means “intelligent”.
3.
We also use the Present Simple with stative verbs (non-action
verbs) to talk about states or conditions, such as physical descriptions,
feelings, relationships, knowledge, beliefs or possession.
·
She is short and has long
hair.
·
They like strawberries.
·
We want a new car.
·
I promise I will help you.
·
You look fantastic.
·
They belong to the yacht club.
·
I don’t know the answer.
4.
We use the Present Simple to describe situations
that are more or less permanent. (If a situation is new or temporary, use the
Present Continuous)
·
They work at a bank.
·
I travel every summer.
·
She has two daughters.
·
Where do you live?
·
He is married.
·
I‘m not American, I‘m Canadian
6.
We use the Present Simple to talk about what
happens in books, movies, and plays.
·
A young woman travels through Europe,
where she meets different people, and finally falls in
love.
·
In this book, the hero saves the
princess and marries her.
·
The main character is very pretty
and works at a café.
7.
Future schedules, timetables, and fixed plans
are expressed with the Present Simple, usually when they are set by an
organization, not by us.
·
School begins at 9:00
and ends at 3:00.
·
The plane doesn’t arrive at 3:00,
it arrives at 3:30.
·
When does the movie start?
·
The bus leaves every 15 minutes.
8.
And lastly, we also use it to talk about the
future after words such as “when”, “until”, “before”, “after”, and “as
soon as”.
·
He will call you when he has time.
(Not ‘will have’)
·
I won’t go out until it stops raining.
·
I’ll give you the book before you go.
·
I’m going to make dinner after
I watch the news.
·
She’ll come as soon as her
babysitter arrives.
Example Sentence
1. Working whole day makes my
body so tired, I need to take a rest.
2. Titanic is one of
the biggest movie I ever watch for whole of my life.
3. I get scholarship
from PT. Djarum, unless I can’t study abroad since I don’t
have enough money.
4. He tells me that
he will never leave me alone.
5. I seldom visit my
grand mother in the village.
B. Present
Continous Tense
Definition
The present continuous, also
called the present progressive, is one of the present tenses used in
modern English, the others being the simple present and the emphatic
present. All of these can be employed in both the indicative and subjunctive moods.
The
Function
The present continuous is used in several instances:
1.
To describe something which is happening at the
exact moment of speech:
Example : The boy is crying.
2.
To describe an action that is taking place now
but not at the exact moment of speech:
Example : He is working in Dubai.
3.
To describe an event planned in the future:
Example : I'm resitting my French
exam on Tuesday.
4.
With always but meaning often (used
to emphasize the frequency of an action in a humorous or hyperbolic way):
Example :
·
My mother is always making me go to school!
·
She is always playing with that doll!
5. To
describe an action that is taking place now and is subject to interruption:
Example : Ellen cannot come to the
phone since she is sleeping
Example Sentence
1. Brandon is
sleeping now, so keep silent please.
2. I
can’t concentrate with my job since she is shouting me many times.
3. Don’t
cross the police line, the police is still investigating the murder
now.
4. The
government is trying to build a bridge to connect Java and Sumatera
Island.
5. You
can’t see the director now. He is still traveling to Europe for business.
C. Simple Past
Tense
Definition
The simple
past or past simple, sometimes called the preterite,
is the basic form of the past tense in Modern
English. It is used principally to describe events in the past, although it
also has some other uses. Regular English verbs form the simple past
in -ed; however there are a few hundred irregular verbs with different
forms.
The term "simple"
is used to distinguish the syntactical construction whose basic form uses the plain
past tense alone, from other past tense constructions which use auxiliaries in
combination with participles, such as the past
perfect and past
progressive.
The
Function
To tell about activity that began
in the past and ended in the past too. We usually use simple past tense when
the adverb of time in the sentence is specific when the adverb is not
specific we can use simple perfect tense.
Example
Sentence
1.
I saw her standing there
2.
My Father bought this car last year
3.
They went to Tokyo last month
4.
She went home two minutes ago
5.
I did not see her standing there
D. Past Continous Tense
Definition
Past Continuous Tense is a kind of
tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening
in a certain time in the past
The
Function
1.
To indicate that one action was in progress when
another action occurred.
2.
To indicate that two actions were progress
simultaneously.
3.
To indicate an action that happened at a certain
time in the past
Example
Sentence
1. I
was studying when the telephone rang.
2. When
mother came back from the market, we were watching TV.
3. She
was sleeping all afternoon yesterday.
4. I
was working when she came here.
5. He
was studying while I was coming to my house.
E. Subject Verb Agreement
Definition
Subject-verb agreement is a
grammatical rule, which states that the subject and the verb must agree in a
sentence. The subject normally refers to the noun or pronoun that tells us whom
or what the sentence is about. A verb normally has a singular and plural form
in the present tense. The third person singular of the verb usually ends in
‘s’. some auxiliary verbs also have singular and plural forms in the present
tense. ‘Be’ has singular and plural forms in the past tense as well as the
present tense.Other verbs that also change their forms in both the singular and
plural.
Example
Senctence
1.
Septina and I were baking sponge cakes at this time yesterday.
2.
Whether to buy or rent a house is an important financial question.
3.
Does
Tika or her co-workers sleep at work.
4.
Physics has
been my favorite subject since I was 15 years old.
5.
Mumps usually spreads through saliva.
6.
My shears
aren’t sharp enough.
7.
Eighty percentage of his furniture is old.
8.
There are many
ways to say “thank you”.
9.
One of her cats doesn’t like tuna.
10.
The central office manager, along with his two
assistant, has left the room.
F. Pronoun
Definition
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of or
refers to a noun. You may recall that a noun is a word that names a
person, place, thing, or idea. To cut down on repetitiveness, I can change my
original sentence to: Janet has to study in order for her to get the job
that she wants.
In this sentence, the word 'Janet' is a noun, and the words
'her' and 'she' are pronouns that replace that noun. There are several
different types of pronouns. One type of pronoun is a personal
pronoun that takes the place of a particular person or thing. In this
lesson, we'll focus on two categories of personal pronouns
Kinds of
Pronouns
There are six kinds of pronouns with different
functions:
1. Personal pronouns
This kind of pronoun
refers to a particular person or thing. The form of the personal pronoun that
is appropriate to use for a specific sentence depends on the gender and number
of persons or things that serve as the antecedents.
For example, you are
referring to a female subject in the sentence, the pronouns that are
appropriate to use are: she, her, and hers. If you are referring to
a male, you can use: he, him, and his. For a group of persons,
not including yourself, the appropriate pronouns are: they, them, and theirs.
Personal pronouns can
serve as the subjects,
objects of the verb orpreposition, and
can also show possession. They are formally classified into: subjective
personal pronouns, objective personal pronouns, and possessive personal
pronouns.
Examples:
·
You are definitely the biggest science nerd
I’ve ever met.
·
In the example above, the underlined pronoun
serves as the subject.
·
Harry persuaded her to
come with him.
·
The pronoun “her” is the object of the
verb persuaded. Him, on the other hand, is the object of the
preposition with.
·
Ours is the one on the left.
·
The pronoun “ours” signifies possession.
2. Demonstrative pronouns
The function of this
kind of pronoun is to point to a noun. Examples are: this, these, that, and
those. The pronouns “this” and “these” points to things that are nearby while
the other two are for things that are far. Aside from proximity, you must also
consider the number of things you are pointing out. For singular nouns, “this”
and “that” should be used, while for plural nouns “these” and “those” are
appropriate.
Examples:
·
That is the car that I’ll buy for my birthday.
·
The speaker is pointing out to a singular noun
that is far from him/her.
·
She said she wanted these.
·
The underlined pronoun refers to a plural noun
and also serve as the object of the verb wanted.
·
That book is yours, those are mine
3. Indefinite pronouns
This kind of pronoun
refers to unspecified things. Some examples are: any, all, another, each,
anyone, anything, anybody, nobody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, few,
and many.
Examples:
·
Many were called for the interview but only
3 were hired.
·
He’s ready to give up everything for
his family’s safety.
·
Sara didn't tell anything to Joan.
·
Paula gave someone the password to her
account.
·
John passed everyone a piece of cake
4. Intensive pronouns
The function of
intensive pronouns is to give emphasis to the antecedent. Examples of this kind
of pronoun are: myself, itself, himself, herself, yourself, yourselves,
themselves, and ourselves.
Examples:
·
The president himself said that it was
a terrorist attack.
·
I myself knew that it was a mistake.
·
You yourself can easily transform your
body: All it takes is a proper diet and plenty of exercise.
·
The team knew that
they themselves were responsible for playing their best.
·
We ourselves are the ones who make the
greatest impact upon the world we live in.
5. Interrogative pronouns
As the title implies,
the function of this kind of pronoun is to ask questions. Examples of
interrogative pronouns are: who, what, which, whom, whoever, whatever,
whichever, and whomever.
Examples:
·
Who wrote the book 1984?
·
What did the doctors say?
·
What is your favorite anime?
·
Who has taught you English?
·
Whom will the students meet in the library?
6. Relative pronouns
This kind of pronoun
links one clause or phrase to another. Some of the most common relative
pronouns are: who, whoever, whomever, that, and which.
Examples:
·
The contestant who gets the highest
score wins the million dollar jackpot.
·
In this sentence, the underlined pronoun is the
subject of the verbgets. The subordinate clause, “who gets the highest
score wins the million dollar jackpot,” describes the noun contestant.
·
He will accept whichever project comes
first.
·
The subordinate clause, ”whichever project
comes first,” serves as the object of the verb “will accept.”
·
Meong that I always feed everyday is my cat
7. Reflexive pronouns
This kind of pronoun is
used to refer back to the subject. Some of the reflexive pronouns are:
yourself, myself, ourselves, himself, herself, themselves, and itself.
Example:
·
Sandra never forgets to send a copy of the email
to herself.
·
The pronoun “herself” refers back to the subject
of the sentence, which is Sandra.
·
He promised to repair the broken fence, however,
we ended up fixing it ourselves.
·
The underlined reflexive pronoun refers back to
the subject we.
·
They should give time for themselves to make a
new plan
Sumber :
