A.    Active and Passive Sentences

v  ACTIVE

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active. 

A feature of sentences in which the subject performs the action of the verb and the direct object is the goal or the recipient

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

v  PASSIVE

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

A feature of sentences in which the object or goal of the action functions as the sentence subject and the main verb phrase includes the verb to be and the past participle: The car was fixed by the mechanic.

 [Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action.

NO.	TENSES	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
I	Present Tense	S + V1 (S/ES) + O + Adv	S + is/am/are + V3
1.	Simple Present	Nanik buys the book	The book is bought by Nanik
2.	Present Continous	Nanik is buying the book	The book is being bought by Nanik
3.	Present Perfect	Nanik has bought book	The book has been bought by Nanik
4.	Present Perfect  Continous	Nanik has been buying the book	The book has been being bought by Nanik

II.	Past Tense	S + V2 + O + +Adv	S + was/were + V3
1.	Simple Past	Nanik bought the book	The book was bought by Nanik
2.	Past Continous	Nanik was buying the book	The book was being bought by Nanik
3.	Past Perfect	Nanik had bought book	The book had been bought by Nanik
4.	Past Perfect  Continous	Nanik had been buying the book	The book had been being bought by Nanik

III	Future Tense	S + Will/Shall + V1 + O + Adv	S + will + be + V3 + Adv
1.	Simple Future	Nanik will buy the book	The book will be bought by Nanik
2.	Future Continous	Nanik will be buying the book	The book will be being bought by Nanik
3.	Future Perfect	Nanik will have bought book	The book will have been bought by Nanik
4.	Future Perfect  Continous	Nanik will have been buying the book	The book will have been being bought by Nanik

IV	Past Future Tense	S + Would/Should + V1 + O + Adv	S + Would/Should + be + V3 + O + Adv
1.	Simple Past Future	Nanik would buy the book	The book would be bought by Nanik
2.	Past Future Continous	Nanik would be buying the book	The book would be being bought by Nanik
3.	Past Future Perfect	Nanik would have bought book	The book would have been bought by Nanik
4.	Past Future Perfect Continous	Nanik would have been buying the book	The book would have been being bought by Nanik

EXAMPLE

1.       Tina is reading the book (Active)

The book is being read by Tina (Passive)

2.       We celebrate school annyversary every year (Active)

The school annyversary is celebrated every year (Passive)

3.       Forest burning has produced a lot of pollution (Active)

A lot of pollution has been produced by forest burning (Passive)

4.       The students will play basketball (Active)

The basketball will be played by the students (Passive)

5.       The school provided rubbish bin two months ago (Active)

The rubbish bin was provided by the school two months ago (Passive)

B.     Relative Clauses

Definition

A relative clause is a kind of subordinate clause that contains an element whose interpretation is provided by an antecedent on which the subordinate clause is grammatically dependent; that is, there is an anaphoric relation between the relativized element in the relative clause, and the antecedent on which it depends.

Typically, a relative clause modifies a noun or noun phrase and uses some grammatical device to indicate that one of the arguments within the relative clause has the same referent as that noun or noun phrase. 

v  A relative clause—also called an adjective oradjectival clause—will meet three requirements :

·         First, it will contain a subject andverb.

·         Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose,that, or which] or a relative adverb[when, where, or why].

·         Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind?How many? or Which one?

v  Adjective Clause can be classified into two types, that is :

1.       Relative Pronoun (Kata Ganti Orang)

Conjunctive use is : Who, Whom, Whose, That

a)      Who

Used for humans in subject position

Examples :

·         Hans, who is an architect, lives in Berlin

·         He paid the money to the man who / that had done the work

b)      Whom

Used for humans in object position

Examples :

·         Marike, whom Hans knows well, is an interior decorator.

·         He paid the man whom/that he had hired.

·         He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money.

c)       Whose

Used for humans, animalsi or objects to give information about their

Examples :

·         The girl whose dress is red is my best friend.

·         This is the girl whose picture you saw.

2.       Relative Pronoun (Kata Ganti Benda, Binatang)

Conjunction is : Which, that

a)      That

Used for humans, animals and things, in subject or object position (Subjek) but see below:

Examples :

·         Marike is decorating a house that Hans designed.

·         Here is a book that describes animals.

b)      Which

Used for things and animals in subject or object position

Examples :

·         Marike has a dog which follows her everywhere.

·         The chair which he broke is being repaired.

·         She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00.

v  The relative clause will follow one of these two patterns:

Relative Pronoun or Adverb+ Subject + Verb

Relative Pronoun as Subject+ Verb

Here are some examples :

1.       Which Francine did not accept

Which = relative pronoun;Francine = subject; did accept = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the verb].

2.       Where George foundAmazing Spider-Man #96 in fair condition

Where = relative adverb; George= subject; found = verb.

3.       That dangled from the one clean bathroom towel

That = relative pronoun functioning as subject; dangled = verb.

4.       Who played video games until his eyes were blurry with fatigue

Who = relative pronoun functioning as subject; played = verb.

C.     Conditional Sentences

Definition

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. 

There are three types of Conditional Sentences

1.       Conditional Sentence Type 1 (It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.)

Conditional Sentences Type I refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather realistic – so we think it is likely to happen.

Form :

 if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example:

·         If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

·         If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.

·         If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.

·         If John has the money, he will buy a Ferrari.

·         If my car is sold, I will give you money.

2.       Conditional Sentence Type 2 (It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.)

Conditional Sentences Type II refer to situations in the present. An action could happen if the present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation to change, however. I just imagine „what would happen if …“

Form :

if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example : 

·         If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

·         If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.

·         If I were you, I would not do this.

·         If John had the money, he would buy a Ferrari

·         If I had enough money, I would go to Japan.

3.       Conditional Sentence Type 3 (It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.)

Conditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the past. An action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then, however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled.

Form :

if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example :

·         If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

·         If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.

·         If John had had the money, he would have bought a Ferrari.

·         If I had knew that your name is Salimah, I would not have gone to your wedding party

·         If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.

Sumber :

http://bassombear.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/contoh-passive-sentences-present-past.html

https://gustiayumade.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/relative-clause-adjective-clause/

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences